at&t compatible modem router

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Typographical symbol (@)

@
At sign
In Unicode	U+0040 @ COMMERCIAL AT (&commat;)
Related
Meet as well	U+FF20 ＠ FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT U+FE6B ﹫ SMALL COMMERCIAL AT

The at sign, @ , is ordinarily read aloud as "at"; it is also normally called the at symbol, commercial at, or address sign. It is used as an accounting and invoice abbreviation meaning "at a rate of" (e.1000. 7 widgets @ £2 per widget = £fourteen),^[i] simply it is now seen more widely in email addresses and social media platform handles.

The absence of a single English give-and-take for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the French arobase ^[two] or Spanish and Portuguese arroba, or to coin new words such as ampersat ^[3] and asperand,^[iv] or the (visual) onomatopoeia strudel,^[5] but none of these have achieved broad utilise.

Although not included on the keyboard of the primeval commercially successful typewriters, information technology was on at least one 1889 model^{[half dozen]} and the very successful Underwood models from the "Underwood No. v" in 1900 onward. Information technology started to be used in electronic mail addresses in the 1970s, and is at present routinely included on most types of estimator keyboards.

History [edit]

@ symbol used as the initial "a" for the "amin" (amen) formula in the Bulgarian of the Manasses Relate, c. 1345.^[7]

@ used to signify French " à " ("at") from a 1674 protocol from a Swedish court ( Arboga rådhusrätt och magistrat )

The earliest yet discovered symbol in this shape is establish in a Bulgarian translation of a Greek chronicle written by Constantinos Manasses in 1345. Held today in the Vatican Apostolic Library, information technology features the @ symbol in place of the capital alphabetic character blastoff "Α" every bit an initial in the give-and-take Amen; however, the reason backside it being used in this context is still unknown. The evolution of the symbol as used today is not recorded.

It has long been used in Catalan, Spanish and Portuguese as an abridgement of arroba, a unit of measurement of weight equivalent to 25 pounds, and derived from the Standard arabic expression of "the quarter" ( الربع pronounced ar-rubʿ).^[nine] A symbol resembling an @ is found in the Spanish "Taula de Ariza", a registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to Aragon, in 1448.^[10] An Italian academic, Giorgio Stabile, claims to have traced the @ symbol to the 16th century, in a mercantile document sent by Florentine Francesco Lapi from Seville to Rome on May four, 1536.^[10] The document is about commerce with Pizarro, in particular the price of an @ of wine in Republic of peru. Currently, the word arroba means both the at-symbol and a unit of measurement of weight. In Venetian, the symbol was interpreted to mean amphora ( anfora ), a unit of weight and book based upon the capacity of the standard amphora jar since the 6th century.

Modernistic use [edit]

Commercial usage [edit]

In contemporary English usage, @ is a commercial symbol, meaning at and at the rate of or at the cost of. It has rarely been used in financial ledgers, and is non used in standard typography.^[11]

Trademark [edit]

In 2012, "@" was registered every bit a trademark with the High german Patent and Trade Marking Office.^[12] A cancellation request was filed in 2013, and the cancellation was ultimately confirmed by the German Federal Patent Court in 2017.^[xiii]

Electronic mail addresses [edit]

A mutual contemporary use of @ is in e-mail addresses (using the SMTP organisation), as in jdoe@example.com (the user jdoe located at the domain example.com). Ray Tomlinson of BBN Technologies is credited for having introduced this usage in 1971.^[4] ^[14] This thought of the symbol representing located at in the form user@host is also seen in other tools and protocols; for example, the Unix crush command ssh jdoe@example.cyberspace tries to institute an ssh connexion to the estimator with the hostname example.net using the username jdoe.

On web pages, organizations often obscure the email addresses of their members or employees by omitting the @. This do, known every bit address munging, makes the email addresses less vulnerable to spam programs that scan the internet for them.

[edit]

On some social media platforms and forums, usernames may be prefixed with an @ (in the form @johndoe); this blazon of username is oftentimes referred to every bit a "handle"^{[ citation needed ]}.

On online forums without threaded discussions, @ is commonly used to denote a respond; for case: @Jane to respond to a annotate Jane made earlier. Similarly, in some cases, @ is used for "attention" in email letters originally sent to someone else. For example, if an electronic mail was sent from Catherine to Steve, but in the trunk of the email, Catherine wants to make Keirsten enlightened of something, Catherine will kickoff the line @Keirsten to indicate to Keirsten that the post-obit sentence concerns her.^{[ commendation needed ]} This also helps with mobile email users who might not see bold or color in e-mail.

In microblogging (such every bit on Twitter and GNU social-based microblogs), an @ earlier the user name is used to send publicly readable replies (e.g. @otheruser: Message text here). The blog and client software can automatically interpret these as links to the user in question. When included equally part of a person'south or visitor's contact details, an @ symbol followed by a name is normally understood to refer to a Twitter handle. A similar use of the @ symbol was also made bachelor to Facebook users on September xv, 2009.^[15] In Net Relay Chat (IRC), it is shown earlier users' nicknames to announce they take operator condition on a aqueduct.

Sports usage [edit]

In American English the @ can exist used to add information about a sporting event. Where opposing sports teams have their names separated by a "v" (for versus), the away team tin can be written first – and the normal "v" replaced with @ to convey at which squad'southward home field the game will be played.^[16] This usage is not followed in British English, since conventionally the home team is written offset.

Estimator languages [edit]

@ is used in various programming languages and other figurer languages, although there is non a consistent theme to its usage. For example:

In ALGOL 68, the @ symbol is brief form of the at keyword; it is used to change the lower bound of an array. For instance: arrayx[@88] refers to an array starting at index 88.
In ActionScript, @ is used in XML parsing and traversal as a string prefix to identify attributes in contrast to child elements.
In the ASP.NET MVC Razor template markup syntax, the @ character denotes the start of code argument blocks or the start of text content.^[17] ^[18]
In Dyalog APL, @ is used as a functional fashion to modify or replace data at specific locations in an assortment.
In CSS, @ is used in special statements outside of a CSS block.^[xix]
In C#, it denotes "verbatim strings", where no characters are escaped and two double-quote characters represent a single double-quote.^[20] As a prefix it also allows keywords to exist used every bit identifiers,^[21] a form of stropping.
In D, it denotes office attributes: similar: @safe, @nogc, user divers @('from_user') which tin be evaluated at compile time (with __traits) or @belongings to declare properties, which are functions that can be syntactically treated equally if they were fields or variables.^[22]
In DIGITAL Command Language, the @ character was the command used to execute a command procedure. To run the control procedure VMSINSTAL.COM, one would type @VMSINSTAL at the command prompt.
In Along, information technology is used to fetch values from the address on the top of the stack. The operator is pronounced equally "fetch".
In Haskell, information technology is used in so-chosen as-patterns. This notation tin can be used to give aliases to patterns, making them more readable.
in HTML, it can exist encoded every bit &commat; ^[23]
In J, denotes function composition.
In Java, it has been used to denote annotations, a kind of metadata, since version 5.0.^[24]
In LiveCode, it is prefixed to a parameter to point that the parameter is passed by reference.
In an LXDE autostart file (as used, for example, on the Raspberry Pi computer), @ is prefixed to a command to bespeak that the command should exist automatically re-executed if it crashes.^[25]
In ML, it denotes list concatenation.
In modal logic, specifically when representing possible worlds, @ is sometimes used equally a logical symbol to announce the actual world (the globe we are "at").
In Objective-C, @ is prefixed to language-specific keywords such as @implementation and to form string literals.
In Pascal, @ is the "address of" operator (it tells the location at which a variable is found).
In Perl, @ prefixes variables which contain arrays @array, including array slices @array[2..5,vii,9] and hash slices @hash { 'foo' , 'bar' , 'baz' } or @hash { qw(foo bar baz) } . This use is known as a sigil.
In PHP, it is used just before an expression to make the interpreter suppress errors that would be generated from that expression.^[26]
In Python two.four and up, it is used to decorate a function (wrap the office in another i at creation time). In Python 3.5 and upward, it is likewise used as an overloadable matrix multiplication operator.^[27]
In Razor, it is used for C# code blocks.^[28]
In Ruby, it functions as a sigil: @ prefixes example variables, and @@ prefixes class variables.^[29]
In Scala, it is used to announce annotations (as in Java), and also to bind names to subpatterns in blueprint-matching expressions.^[xxx]
In Swift, @ prefixes "annotations" that tin can be applied to classes or members. Annotations tell the compiler to utilize special semantics to the declaration like keywords, without adding keywords to the language.
In T-SQL, @ prefixes variables and @@ prefixes "niladic" organisation functions.
In several xBase-type programming languages, like DBASE, FoxPro/Visual FoxPro and Clipper, it is used to denote position on the screen. For case: @1,1 SAY "Hello" to show the word "Hello" in line 1, column i.
- In FoxPro/Visual FoxPro, information technology is also used to point explicit pass by reference of variables when calling procedures or functions (just information technology is non an accost operator).^[31]
In a Windows Batch file, an @ at the start of a line suppresses the echoing of that command. In other words, is the same as Echo OFF practical to the current line simply. Normally a Windows command is executed and takes outcome from the next line onward, simply @ is a rare example of a control that takes effect immediately. Information technology is most commonly used in the class @repeat off which non merely switches off echoing but prevents the command line itself from existence echoed.^[32] ^[33]
In Windows PowerShell, @ is used every bit array operator for assortment and hash table literals and for enclosing here-string literals.^[34]
In the Domain Name System (DNS), @ is used to represent the $ORIGIN, typically the "root" of the domain without a prefixed sub-domain. (Ex: wikipedia.org vs. www.wikipedia.org)
In assembly language, @ is sometimes used as a dereference operator.^[35]

Gender neutrality in Spanish [edit]

Protester with imprint showing "La revolución está en nosotr@s"

In Castilian, where many words end in "-o" when in the masculine gender and end "-a" in the feminine, @ is sometimes used as a gender-neutral substitute for the default "o" ending.^[36] For case, the word amigos traditionally represents not only male friends, just also a mixed grouping, or where the genders are not known. The proponents of gender-inclusive linguistic communication would supersede it with amig@s in these latter two cases, and apply amigos only when the group referred to is all-male and amigas merely when the grouping is all female. The Existent Academia Española disapproves of this usage.^[37]

Other uses and meanings [edit]

X-SAMPA uses an @ equally a substitute for ə, which it resembles in some fonts.

In (especially English) scientific and technical literature, @ is used to describe the weather condition under which data are valid or a measurement has been made. E.g. the density of saltwater may read d = one.050 g/cm³ @ 15 °C (read "at" for @), density of a gas d = 0.150 g/L @ twenty °C, 1 bar, or noise of a car 81 dB @ fourscore km/h (speed).^[38]
In philosophical logic, '@' is used to denote the bodily world (in contrast to not-bodily possible worlds).^{[ citation needed ]} Analogously, a 'designated' earth in a Kripke model may be labelled '@'.^{[ commendation needed ]}
In chemic formulae, @ is used to denote trapped atoms or molecules.^[39] For instance, La@C₆₀ ways lanthanum within a fullerene cage. Run into commodity Endohedral fullerene for details.
In Malagasy, @ is an informal abridgement for the prepositional class amin'ny.^{[ citation needed ]}
In Malay, @ is an informal abbreviation for the word "atau", meaning "or" in English.^{[ citation needed ]}
In genetics, @ is the abbreviation for locus, every bit in IGL@ for immunoglobulin lambda locus.^[40]
In the Koalib language of Sudan, @ is used equally a letter of the alphabet in Arabic loanwords. The Unicode Consortium rejected a proposal to encode it separately every bit a letter in Unicode. SIL International uses Private Use Expanse code points U+F247 and U+F248 for lowercase and capital versions, although they have marked this PUA representation as deprecated since September 2014.^[41]
A schwa, equally the actual schwa character "ə" may exist difficult to produce on many computers. Information technology is used in this chapters in some ASCII IPA schemes, including SAMPA and X-SAMPA.^{[ commendation needed ]}
In leet information technology may substitute for the alphabetic character "A".^{[ citation needed ]}
It is often used in typing and text messaging equally an abbreviation for "at".^[42] ^[38]
In Portugal it may be used in typing and text messaging with the meaning "french kiss" (linguado).^{[ commendation needed ]}
In online discourse, @ is used by some anarchists as a substitute for the traditional circle-A.^{[ citation needed ]}
Algebraic annotation for the Crazyhouse chess variant: An @ between a piece and a square denotes a piece dropped onto that square from the player'south reserve.^[43]

Names in other languages [edit]

In many languages other than English, although nigh typewriters included the symbol, the employ of @ was less mutual earlier email became widespread in the mid-1990s. Consequently, it is frequently perceived in those languages as denoting "the Internet", computerization, or modernization in general. Naming the symbol subsequently animals is likewise mutual.

In Afrikaans, information technology is called aapstert , pregnant 'monkey tail', similarly to the Dutch use of the word (aap is the word for 'monkey' or 'ape' in Dutch, stert comes from the Dutch staart).
In Arabic, it is آتْ ( at ).
In Armenian, it is շնիկ ( shnik ), which means 'puppy'.
In Azerbaijani cluster, it is ət ( at ) which ways 'meat', though most likely it is a phonetic transliteration of at.
In Basque, information technology is a bildua ('wrapped A').
In Belarusian, it is called сьлімак ( sʹlimak , meaning 'helix' or 'snail').
In Bosnian, information technology is ludo a ('crazy A').
In Bulgarian, it is called кльомба ( klyomba – 'a desperately written letter of the alphabet'), маймунско а ( maymunsko a – 'monkey A'), маймунка ( maimunka – 'piddling monkey'), or баница ( banitsa - a pastry gyre often made in a shape similar to the character)
In Catalan, information technology is called arrova (a unit of measurement of mensurate) or ensaïmada (a Mallorcan pastry, considering of the like shape of this food).
In Chinese:
- In mainland Communist china, it used to be called 圈A (pronounced quān A ), meaning 'circled A' / 'enclosed A', or 花A (pronounced huā A ), significant 'lacy A', and sometimes every bit 小老鼠 (pronounced xiǎo lǎoshǔ ), meaning 'niggling mouse'.^[44] Nowadays, for most of China'southward youth, it is called 艾特 (pronounced ài tè ), which is a phonetic transcription of at.
- In Taiwan, it is 小老鼠 (pronounced xiǎo lǎoshǔ ), meaning 'little mouse'.
- In Hong Kong and Macau, it is at.
In Croatian, it is near often referred to by the English discussion at (pronounced et), and less commonly and more than formally, with the preposition pri (with the leaseholder in the nominative case, non locative as per usual rection of pri ), pregnant 'at', ' chez ' or 'by'. Informally, information technology is called a manki, coming from the local pronunciation of the English word monkey. Note that the Croatian words for monkey, majmun, opica, jopec , šimija are not used to denote the symbol, except seldom the latter words regionally.
In Czech it is called zavináč, which means 'rollmops'; the same give-and-take is used in Slovak.
In Danish, it is snabel-a ('elephant's trunk A'). It is non used for prices, where in Danish à ways 'at (per piece)'.
In Dutch, it is called apenstaart ('monkey'southward tail'). The a is the first character of the Dutch give-and-take aap which means 'monkey' or 'ape'; apen is the plural of aap . Withal, the apply of the English at has become increasingly popular in Dutch.
In Esperanto, information technology is called ĉe-signo ('at' – for the email use, with an address like "zamenhof@esperanto.org" pronounced zamenhof ĉe esperanto punkto org ), po-signo ('each' – refers only to the mathematical use), or heliko (significant 'snail').
In Estonian, it is chosen ätt , from the English word at.
In Faeroese, it is kurla, hjá ('at'), tranta , or snápil-a ('[elephant'due south] trunk A').
In Finnish, information technology was originally called taksamerkki ("fee sign") or yksikköhinnan merkki ("unit price sign"), but these names are long obsolete and at present rarely understood. Present, it is officially ät-merkki, according to the national standardization institute SFS; oft also spelled at-merkki . Other names include kissanhäntä ('cat's tail') and miuku mauku ('miaow-meow') or short; "miu-mau".
In French, information technology is now officially the arobase ^[45] ^[46] (as well spelled arrobase or arrobe), or a commercial (though this is most commonly used in French-speaking Canada, and should commonly only be used when quoting prices; it should always be chosen arobase or, better yet, arobas when in an email address). Its origin is the same as that of the Spanish word, which could be derived from the Arabic ar-roub (‏اَلرُّبْع‎). In French republic, it is too common (peculiarly for younger generations) to say the English word at when spelling out an email address.^{[ citation needed ]} In everyday Québec French, one ofttimes hears a commercial when sounding out an electronic mail accost, while TV and radio hosts are more than likely to employ arobase .
In Georgian, it is at , spelled ეთ–ი (კომერციული ეთ–ი, ḳomerciuli et-i ).
In High german, it has sometimes been referred to equally Klammeraffe (meaning 'spider monkey') or Affenschwanz (significant 'monkeys tail'). Klammeraffe or Affenschwanz refer to the similarity of @ to the tail of a monkey^[47] ^{[ amend source needed ]} grabbing a co-operative. More recently, information technology is commonly referred to as at , as in English.
In Greek, it is called παπάκι meaning 'duckling'.
In Greenlandic, an Inuit language, it is called aajusaq meaning 'A-like' or 'something that looks like A'.
In Hebrew, it is colloquially known as שְׁטְרוּדֶל ( shtrúdel ), due to the visual resemblance to a cantankerous-section cut of a strudel cake. The normative term, invented by the Academy of the Hebrew Linguistic communication, is כְּרוּכִית ( krukhít ), which is another Hebrew discussion for 'strudel', but is rarely used.
In Hindi, information technology is at , from the English language discussion.
In Hungarian, it is called kukac (a playful synonym for 'worm' or 'maggot').
In Icelandic, it is referred to every bit atmerkið ("the at sign") or hjá, which is a directly translation of the English word at.
In Indian English language, speakers often say at the rate of (with email addresses quoted as "case at the rate of example.com").^{[ citation needed ]}
In Indonesian, it is usually et . Variations exist – especially if exact communication is very noisy – such as a bundar and a bulat (both meaning 'circled A'), a keong ('snail A'), and (most rarely) a monyet ('monkey A').
In Irish, it is ag (significant 'at') or comhartha @/ag (meaning 'at sign').
In Italian, it is chiocciola ('snail') or a commerciale, sometimes at (pronounced more than frequently [ˈɛt] and rarely [ˈat]) or ad.
In Japanese, it is chosen atto māku (アットマーク, from the English words at mark). The word is wasei-eigo , a loan discussion from the English language.
In Kazakh, information technology is officially called айқұлақ ( aıqulaq , 'moon'south ear').
In Korean, information technology is called golbaeng-i ( 골뱅이 , meaning 'whelk'), a dialectal class of whelk.
In Kurdish, it is at or et (Latin Hawar script), ئهت (Perso-Arabic Sorani script) coming from the English word at.
In Latvian, information technology is pronounced the aforementioned as in English, simply, since in Latvian [æ] is written as "e" (non "a" as in English), it is sometimes written equally et .
In Lithuanian, information technology is pronounced eta (equivalent to the English at).
In Luxembourgish it used to exist called Afeschwanz ('monkey tail'), but due to widespread use, it is at present chosen at , as in English.
In Macedonian, it is chosen мајмунче ( majmunče , [ˈmajmuntʃɛ], 'petty monkey').
In Malaysia, it is called alias when it is used in names and di when it is used in email addresses, di being the Malay word for 'at'. It is likewise usually used to abbreviate atau which means 'or', 'either'.
In Morse lawmaking, it is known equally a "commat", consisting of the Morse code for the "A" and "C" which run together every bit one graphic symbol: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄. The symbol was added in 2004 for employ with electronic mail addresses,^[48] the merely official modify to Morse lawmaking since World War I.
In Nepali, the symbol is called "at the charge per unit." Commonly, people will requite their email addresses by including the phrase "at the rate".^{[ citation needed ]}
In Norwegian, information technology is officially called krøllalfa ('curly blastoff' or 'alpha twirl'), and usually equally alfakrøll . Sometimes snabel-a , the Swedish/Danish proper noun (which ways 'torso A', as in 'elephant's trunk'), is used. Ordinarily, people will phone call the symbol [æt] (as in English language), particularly when giving their email addresses. The reckoner manufacturer Norsk Information used it as the command prompt, and information technology was often called "grisehale" (pig'southward tail).
In Persian, it is at , from the English word.
In Smoothen, it is unremarkably called małpa ('monkey'). Rarely, the English language word at is used.
In Portuguese, information technology is called arroba (from the Arabic ar-roub , ‏اَلرُّبْع‎). The discussion arroba is also used for a weight measure out in Portuguese. One arroba is equivalent to 32 former Portuguese pounds, approximately 14.7 kg (32 lb), and both the weight and the symbol are called arroba . In Brazil, cattle are still priced past the arroba – at present rounded to 15 kg (33 lb). This naming is because the at sign was used to represent this mensurate.
In Romanian, it is most commonly called at , but also colloquially called coadă de maimuță ("monkey tail") or a-rond . The latter is commonly used, and it comes from the word round (from its shape), but that is nothing similar the mathematical symbol A-rond (rounded A). Others phone call it aron , or la (Romanian word for 'at').

@ on a DVK Soviet computer (c. 1984)

In Russian, it is commonly called соба[ч]ка ( soba[ch]ka – '[piddling] domestic dog').
In Serbian, information technology is called лудо А ( ludo A – 'crazy A'), мајмунче ( majmunče – 'little monkey'), or мајмун ( majmun – 'monkey').
In Slovak, information technology is chosen zavináč ('rollmop', a pickled fish ringlet, equally in Czech).
In Slovene, information technology is chosen afna (an informal word for 'monkey').
In Spanish-speaking countries, information technology is called arroba (from the Arabic ar-roub , which denotes a pre-metric unit of weight. While at that place are regional variations in Spain, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru information technology is typically considered to correspond approximately 11.5 kg (25 lb).^{[ commendation needed ]}
In Sámi (North Sámi), it is called bussáseaibi meaning 'true cat'southward tail'.
In Swedish, it is chosen snabel-a ('elephant's body A') or simply at , every bit in the English language language. Less formally information technology is besides known equally kanelbulle ('cinnamon roll') or alfakrull ('alpha gyre').
In Swiss High german, it is commonly called Affenschwanz ('monkey-tail'). However, the employ of the English discussion at has become increasingly pop in Swiss German, every bit with Standard German.^{[ citation needed ]}
In Tagalog, the give-and-take at means 'and', so the symbol is used like an ampersand in vernacular writing such as text messages (e.thousand. magluto @ kumain , 'cook and consume').
In Thai, it is commonly called at , as in English.
In Turkish, information technology is normally chosen et , a variant pronunciation of English language at.^{[ citation needed ]}
In Ukrainian, it is commonly called ет ( et – 'at') or Равлик (ravlyk), which means 'snail'.
In Urdu, it is اٹ ( at ).
In Vietnamese, it is called a còng ('bent A') in the due north and a móc ('hooked A') in the south.
In Welsh, it is sometimes known every bit a malwen or malwoden (both meaning "snail").

Unicode [edit]

In Unicode, the at sign is encoded as U+0040 @ COMMERCIAL AT (&commat;). The named entity &commat; was introduced in HTML5.^[49]

Variants [edit]

Character information
Preview	@		＠		﹫
Unicode proper noun	COMMERCIAL AT		FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT		Small-scale COMMERCIAL AT
Encodings	decimal	hex	december	hex	december	hex
Unicode	64	U+0040	65312	U+FF20	65131	U+FE6B
UTF-8	64	twoscore	239 188 160	EF BC A0	239 185 171	EF B9 AB
Numeric grapheme reference	@	@	＠	＠	﹫	﹫
Named character reference	&commat;
ASCII and extensions	64	twoscore
EBCDIC (037, 500, UTF)^[50] ^[51] ^[52]	124	7C
EBCDIC (1026)^[53]	174	AE
Shift JIS^[54]	64	40	129 151	81 97
EUC-JP^[55]	64	40	161 247	A1 F7
EUC-KR^[56] / UHC^[57]	64	twoscore	163 192	A3 C0
GB 18030^[58]	64	40	163 192	A3 C0	169 136	A9 88
Big5^[59]	64	40	162 73	A2 49	162 78	A2 4E
EUC-TW	64	40	162 233	A2 E9	162 238	A2 EE
LaTeX^[60]	\MVAt

Encounter likewise [edit]

ASCII
Circle-A
Enclosed A (Ⓐ, ⓐ)
Unicode

References [edit]

^ See, for case, Browns Alphabetize to Photocomposition Typography (p. 37), Greenwood Publishing, 1983, ISBN 0946824002
^ "Short Cuts" Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Car, Daniel Soar, Vol. 31 No. x · 28 May 2009 folio eighteen, London Review of Books
^ David Bowen (23 Oct 2011). "Bits & bytes". The Contained. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. … Tim Gowens offered the highly logical "ampersat" …
^ ^a ^b Jemima Osculation (28 March 2010). "New York's Moma claims @ as a design classic". The Observer. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
^ "strudel". FOLDOC. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-21 .
^ "The @-symbol, role 2 of 2" Archived 2014-12-25 at the Wayback Automobile, Shady Characters ⌂ The secret life of punctuation Archived 2014-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Vat.slav.2, f. 62r" – via Vatican Library.
^ "La arroba no es de Sevilla (ni de Italia)". purnas.com. Jorge Romance. Archived from the original on 2019-ten-22. Retrieved 2009-06-30 .
^ "arroba". Diccionario de la Existent Academia Española. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
^ ^a ^b Willan, Philip (2000-07-31). "Merchant@Florence Wrote It First 500 Years Ago". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2010-04-25 .
^ Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Manner (version two.5), p.272. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179-133-four.
^ High german Patent and Trademark Office, registration number 302012038338 Archived 2012-xi-02 at the Wayback Automobile.
^ Bundespatentgericht, conclusion of 22 Feb 2017, no. 26 Due west (pat) 44/xiv (online Archived 2019-03-22 at the Wayback Machine).
^ Ray Tomlinson. "The First E-mail". BBN Technologies. Archived from the original on 2006-05-06.
^ "Tag Friends in Your Condition and Posts - Facebook Blog". Archived from the original on 2009-10-26.
^ For an case, see: http://www.nfl.com/schedules Archived 2011-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ Phil Haack (6 January 2011). "Razor syntax quick reference". Archived from the original on 26 Jan 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
^ "ASP.NET MVC iii: Razor's @: and <text> syntax". weblogs.asp.internet. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2020-04-30 .
^ "At-rules". MDN Web Docs. Archived from the original on 2020-05-05. Retrieved 2020-04-30 .
^ 2.4.4.5 String literals Archived 2012-08-05 at the Wayback Machine,
^ "ii.4.2 Identifiers". Archived from the original on 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2012-08-16 .
^ "Attributes - D Programming Language". dlang.org. Archived from the original on 2018-12-08. Retrieved 2018-06-22 .
^ "Character Entity Reference Chart". World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
^ "in java what does the @ symbol hateful?". Stack Overflow. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2020-04-xxx .
^ "LXSession - LXDE.org". wiki.lxde.org. Archived from the original on 2020-07-14. Retrieved 2020-04-30 .
^ "PHP: Error Control Operators - Manual". www.php.net. Archived from the original on 2020-05-08. Retrieved 2020-04-30 .
^ "syntax - What does the "at" (@) symbol do in Python?". Stack Overflow. Archived from the original on 2020-04-24. Retrieved 2020-04-xxx .
^ "Usage of the @ (at) sign in ASP.NET". www.mikesdotnetting.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-04. Retrieved 2020-04-30 .
^ "syntax - What does @@variable hateful in Ruby?". Stack Overflow. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2020-05-05 .
^ "Scala @ operator". Stack Overflow. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2020-05-05 .
^ "Visual FoxPro Programming Linguistic communication Online Help: SET UDFPARMS (Command), or MSDN Library 'How to: Pass Information to Parameters by Reference'". Microsoft, Inc. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2011-02-19 .
^ "repeat". docs.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2018-09-11 .
^ "Echo - Windows CMD - SS64.com". ss64.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2018-09-eleven .
^ "Windows PowerShell Language Specification Version 3.0". Microsoft Download Centre. Archived from the original on 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2013-10-29 .
^ "assembly - @ sign in assembler? - Stack Overflow". stackoverflow.com. Archived from the original on 2021-10-05. Retrieved 2021-05-02 .
^ Martell-Otero, Loida (Autumn 2009). "Doctoral Studies equally Llamamiento, or How We All Need to be 'Ugly Betty'". Perspectivas: 84–106.
^ "Diccionario panhispánico de dudas". «Diccionario panhispánico de dudas». Archived from the original on 2021-04-06. Retrieved 2021-04-02 .
^ ^a ^b "When to Use the At Symbol (@) in Writing". xi December 2019. Archived from the original on 10 Nov 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
^ Chai, Yan; Guo, Ting; Jin, Changming; Haufler, Robert E.; Chibante, L. P. Felipe; Fure, Jan; Wang, Lihong; Alford, J. Michael; Smalley, Richard East. (1991). "Fullerenes wlth Metals Inside". Journal of Physical Chemical science. 95 (xx): 7564–7568. doi:x.1021/j100173a002.
^ "IGL immunoglobulin lambda locus [Homo sapiens (human being)]". Retrieved 10 November 2021.
^ Constable, Peter, and Lorna A. Priest (January 17, 2019) SIL Corporate PUA Assignments v.2a Archived 2010-02-23 at the Wayback Machine. SIL International Archived 2007-12-01 at the Wayback Machine. pp. 59-lx. Retrieved on July xx, 2020.
^ Crystal, David (2008). Txtng: the gr8 db8. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 131–137. ISBN978-0-19-162340-0. Archived from the original on 2021-11-ten. Retrieved 2021-11-x .
^ "crazyhouse". FICS Help. Free Internet Chess Server. 2008-02-28. Archived from the original on 2014-04-16. Retrieved 2014-04-17 .
^ Alice Rawsthorn (March 21, 2010). "Why @ Is Held in Such High Design Esteem". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 24, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
^ "At last, France has a name for the @ sign" Archived 2012-08-19 at the Wayback Car, December 9, 2002, iol.co.za
^ Orthographe fixée par la Commission générale de terminologie et de néologie (Journal officiel du 8 décembre 2002)
^ Paola Antonelli (March 22, 2010). "@ at MoMA". Archived from the original on Apr 6, 2018. Retrieved Apr five, 2018. Germans, Poles, and Southward Africans telephone call @ "monkey's tail" in each different linguistic communication.
^ "Morse '@'; character official as of May 3". The ARRL Letter. American Radio Relay League. April 30, 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-11-05. Retrieved 2012-04-18 .
^ HTML5 is the only version of HTML that has a named entity for the at sign, see https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/sgml/entities.html Archived 2018-04-01 at the Wayback Machine ("The following sections present the consummate lists of character entity references.") and https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/CR-html5-20140731/syntax.html#named-grapheme-references Archived 2017-08-05 at the Wayback Machine ("commat;").
^ Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp037_IBMUSCanada to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original on 2020-07-23. Retrieved 2020-07-sixteen .
^ Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp500_IBMInternational to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original on 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2020-07-16 .
^ Umamaheswaran, V.S. (1999-11-08). "iii.3 Step 2: Byte Conversion". UTF-EBCDIC. Unicode Consortium. Unicode Technical Report #16. Archived from the original on 2020-07-16. Retrieved 2020-07-xvi .
^ Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp1026_IBMLatin5Turkish to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original on 2020-02-eighteen. Retrieved 2020-07-xvi .
^ Unicode Consortium (2015-12-02) [1994-03-08]. "Shift-JIS to Unicode". Archived from the original on 2020-10-25. Retrieved 2020-07-16 .
^ Unicode Consortium; IBM. "EUC-JP-2007". International Components for Unicode. Archived from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2020-07-16 .
^ Unicode Consortium; IBM. "IBM-970". International Components for Unicode. Archived from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2020-07-16 .
^ Steele, Shawn (2000). "cp949 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 2020-07-16 .
^ Standardization Administration of Cathay (SAC) (2005-eleven-18). GB 18030-2005: Information Technology—Chinese coded character gear up.
^ van Kesteren, Anne. "big5". Encoding Standard. WHATWG. Archived from the original on 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2020-07-16 .
^ Pakin, Scott (2020-06-25). "The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-23. Retrieved 2020-07-16 .

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to At sign.

commercial-at at the Free On-line Lexicon of Calculating
"The Accidental History of the @ Symbol ", Smithsonian magazine, September 2012, Retrieved October 2021.
The @-symbol, part 1, suspension, part 2, addenda, Shady Characters ⌂ The hugger-mugger life of punctuation August 2011, Retrieved June 2013.
"Daniel Soar on @", London Review of Books, Vol. 31 No. ten, 28 May 2009, Retrieved June 2013.
ascii64 – the @ book – free download (creative eatables) – by patrik sneyd – foreword by luigi colani) November 2006, Retrieved June 2013.
A Natural History of the @ Sign The many names of the at sign in various languages, 1997, Retrieved June 2013.
Sum: the @ Symbol, LINGUIST List vii.968 July 1996, Retrieved June 2013.
Where information technology's At: names for a common symbol World Broad Words August 1996, Retrieved June 2013.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_sign